• January
  • February
  • March
  • April
  • May
  • June
  • July
  • August
  • September
  • October
  • November
  • December
  • 1945
  • January, 1945

    January

  • February, 1945

    February

  • March, 1945

    March

  • April, 1945

    April

  • May, 1945

    May

  • June, 1945

    June

  • July, 1945

    July

  • August, 1945

    August

  • September, 1945

    September

  • October, 1945

    October

  • November, 1945

    November

  • December, 1945

    December

  • 1946
  • January, 1946

    January

  • February, 1946

    February

  • March, 1946

    March

  • April, 1946

    April

  • May, 1946

    May

  • June, 1946

    June

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    July

  • August, 1946

    August

  • September, 1946

    September

  • October, 1946

    October

  • November, 1946

    November

  • December, 1946

    December

  • 1947
  • January, 1947

    January

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    February

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    March

  • April, 1947

    April

  • May, 1947

    May

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    June

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    July

  • August, 1947

    August

  • September, 1947

    September

  • October, 1947

    October

  • November, 1947

    November

  • December, 1947

    December

  • 1948
  • January, 1948

    January

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    February

  • March, 1948

    March

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    April

  • May, 1948

    May

  • June, 1948

    June

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    July

  • August, 1948

    August

  • September, 1948

    September

  • October, 1948

    October

  • November, 1948

    November

  • December, 1948

    December

  • 1949
  • January, 1949

    January

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    February

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    March

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    April

  • May, 1949

    May

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    June

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    July

  • August, 1949

    August

  • September, 1949

    September

  • October, 1949

    October

  • November, 1949

    November

  • December, 1949

    December

  • 1950
  • January, 1950

    January

  • February, 1950

    February

  • March, 1950

    March

  • April, 1950

    April

  • May, 1950

    May

  • June, 1950

    June

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    July

  • August, 1950

    August

  • September, 1950

    September

  • October, 1950

    October

  • November, 1950

    November

  • December, 1950

    December

  • 1951
  • January, 1951

    January

  • February, 1951

    February

  • March, 1951

    March

  • April, 1951

    April

  • May, 1951

    May

  • June, 1951

    June

  • July, 1951

    July

  • August, 1951

    August

  • September, 1951

    September

  • October, 1951

    October

  • November, 1951

    November

  • December, 1951

    December

  • 1952
  • January, 1952

    January

  • February, 1952

    February

  • March, 1952

    March

  • April, 1952

    April

  • May, 1952

    May

  • June, 1952

    June

  • July, 1952

    July

  • August, 1952

    August

  • September, 1952

    September

  • October, 1952

    October

  • November, 1952

    November

  • December, 1952

    December

  • 1953
  • January, 1953

    January

  • February, 1953

    February

  • March, 1953

    March

  • April, 1953

    April

  • May, 1953

    May

  • June, 1953

    June

  • July, 1953

    July

  • August, 1953

    August

  • September, 1953

    September

  • October, 1953

    October

  • November, 1953

    November

  • December, 1953

    December

  • 1954
  • January, 1954

    January

  • February, 1954

    February

  • March, 1954

    March

  • April, 1954

    April

  • May, 1954

    May

  • June, 1954

    June

  • July, 1954

    July

  • August, 1954

    August

  • September, 1954

    September

  • October, 1954

    October

  • November, 1954

    November

  • December, 1954

    December

  • 1955
  • January, 1955

    January

  • February, 1955

    February

  • March, 1955

    March

  • April, 1955

    April

  • May, 1955

    May

  • June, 1955

    June

  • July, 1955

    July

  • August, 1955

    August

  • September, 1955

    September

  • October, 1955

    October

  • November, 1955

    November

  • December, 1955

    December

  • 1956
  • January, 1956

    January

  • February, 1956

    February

  • March, 1956

    March

  • April, 1956

    April

  • May, 1956

    May

  • June, 1956

    June

  • July, 1956

    July

  • August, 1956

    August

  • September, 1956

    September

  • October, 1956

    October

  • November, 1956

    November

  • December, 1956

    December

  • 1957
  • January, 1957

    January

  • February, 1957

    February

  • March, 1957

    March

  • April, 1957

    April

  • May, 1957

    May

  • June, 1957

    June

  • July, 1957

    July

  • August, 1957

    August

  • September, 1957

    September

  • October, 1957

    October

  • November, 1957

    November

  • December, 1957

    December

  • 1958
  • January, 1958

    January

  • February, 1958

    February

  • March, 1958

    March

  • April, 1958

    April

  • May, 1958

    May

  • June, 1958

    June

  • July, 1958

    July

  • August, 1958

    August

  • September, 1958

    September

  • October, 1958

    October

  • November, 1958

    November

  • December, 1958

    December

  • 1959
  • January, 1959

    January

  • February, 1959

    February

  • March, 1959

    March

  • April, 1959

    April

  • May, 1959

    May

  • June, 1959

    June

  • July, 1959

    July

  • August, 1959

    August

  • September, 1959

    September

  • October, 1959

    October

  • November, 1959

    November

  • December, 1959

    December

  • 1960
  • January, 1960

    January

  • February, 1960

    February

  • March, 1960

    March

  • April, 1960

    April

  • May, 1960

    May

  • June, 1960

    June

  • July, 1960

    July

  • August, 1960

    August

  • September, 1960

    September

  • October, 1960

    October

  • November, 1960

    November

  • December, 1960

    December

  • 1961
  • January, 1961

    January

  • February, 1961

    February

  • March, 1961

    March

  • April, 1961

    April

  • May, 1961

    May

  • June, 1961

    June

  • July, 1961

    July

  • August, 1961

    August

  • September, 1961

    September

  • October, 1961

    October

  • November, 1961

    November

  • December, 1961

    December

  • 1962
  • January, 1962

    January

  • February, 1962

    February

  • March, 1962

    March

  • April, 1962

    April

  • May, 1962

    May

  • June, 1962

    June

  • July, 1962

    July

  • August, 1962

    August

  • September, 1962

    September

  • October, 1962

    October

  • November, 1962

    November

  • December, 1962

    December

  • 1963
  • January, 1963

    January

  • February, 1963

    February

  • March, 1963

    March

  • April, 1963

    April

  • May, 1963

    May

  • June, 1963

    June

  • July, 1963

    July

  • August, 1963

    August

  • September, 1963

    September

  • October, 1963

    October

  • November, 1963

    November

  • December, 1963

    December

  • 1964
  • January, 1964

    January

  • February, 1964

    February

  • March, 1964

    March

  • April, 1964

    April

  • May, 1964

    May

  • June, 1964

    June

  • July, 1964

    July

  • August, 1964

    August

  • September, 1964

    September

  • October, 1964

    October

  • November, 1964

    November

  • December, 1964

    December

  • 1965
  • January, 1965

    January

  • February, 1965

    February

  • March, 1965

    March

  • April, 1965

    April

  • May, 1965

    May

  • June, 1965

    June

  • July, 1965

    July

  • August, 1965

    August

  • September, 1965

    September

  • October, 1965

    October

  • November, 1965

    November

  • December, 1965

    December

  • 1966
  • January, 1966

    January

  • February, 1966

    February

  • March, 1966

    March

  • April, 1966

    April

  • May, 1966

    May

  • June, 1966

    June

  • July, 1966

    July

  • August, 1966

    August

  • September, 1966

    September

  • October, 1966

    October

  • November, 1966

    November

  • December, 1966

    December

  • 1967
  • January, 1967

    January

  • February, 1967

    February

  • March, 1967

    March

  • April, 1967

    April

  • May, 1967

    May

  • June, 1967

    June

  • July, 1967

    July

  • August, 1967

    August

  • September, 1967

    September

  • October, 1967

    October

  • November, 1967

    November

  • December, 1967

    December

  • 1968
  • January, 1968

    January

  • February, 1968

    February

  • March, 1968

    March

  • April, 1968

    April

  • May, 1968

    May

  • June, 1968

    June

  • July, 1968

    July

  • August, 1968

    August

  • September, 1968

    September

  • October, 1968

    October

  • November, 1968

    November

  • December, 1968

    December

  • 1969
  • January, 1969

    January

  • February, 1969

    February

  • March, 1969

    March

  • April, 1969

    April

  • May, 1969

    May

  • June, 1969

    June

  • July, 1969

    July

  • August, 1969

    August

  • September, 1969

    September

  • October, 1969

    October

  • November, 1969

    November

  • December, 1969

    December

  • 1970
  • January, 1970

    January

  • February, 1970

    February

  • March, 1970

    March

  • April, 1970

    April

  • May, 1970

    May

  • June, 1970

    June

  • July, 1970

    July

  • August, 1970

    August

  • September, 1970

    September

  • October, 1970

    October

  • November, 1970

    November

  • December, 1970

    December

  • 1971
  • January, 1971

    January

  • February, 1971

    February

  • March, 1971

    March

  • April, 1971

    April

  • May, 1971

    May

  • June, 1971

    June

  • July, 1971

    July

  • August, 1971

    August

  • September, 1971

    September

  • October, 1971

    October

  • November, 1971

    November

  • December, 1971

    December

  • 1972
  • January, 1972

    January

  • February, 1972

    February

  • March, 1972

    March

  • April, 1972

    April

  • May, 1972

    May

  • June, 1972

    June

  • July, 1972

    July

  • August, 1972

    August

  • September, 1972

    September

  • October, 1972

    October

  • November, 1972

    November

  • December, 1972

    December

  • 1973
  • January, 1973

    January

  • February, 1973

    February

  • March, 1973

    March

  • April, 1973

    April

  • May, 1973

    May

  • June, 1973

    June

  • July, 1973

    July

  • August, 1973

    August

  • September, 1973

    September

  • October, 1973

    October

  • November, 1973

    November

  • December, 1973

    December

  • 1974
  • January, 1974

    January

  • February, 1974

    February

  • March, 1974

    March

  • April, 1974

    April

  • May, 1974

    May

  • June, 1974

    June

  • July, 1974

    July

  • August, 1974

    August

  • September, 1974

    September

  • October, 1974

    October

  • November, 1974

    November

  • December, 1974

    December

  • 1975
  • January, 1975

    January

  • February, 1975

    February

  • March, 1975

    March

  • April, 1975

    April

  • May, 1975

    May

  • June, 1975

    June

  • July, 1975

    July

  • August, 1975

    August

  • September, 1975

    September

  • October, 1975

    October

  • November, 1975

    November

  • December, 1975

    December

  • 1976
  • January, 1976

    January

  • February, 1976

    February

  • March, 1976

    March

  • April, 1976

    April

  • May, 1976

    May

  • June, 1976

    June

  • July, 1976

    July

  • August, 1976

    August

  • September, 1976

    September

  • October, 1976

    October

  • November, 1976

    November

  • December, 1976

    December

  • 1977
  • January, 1977

    January

  • February, 1977

    February

  • March, 1977

    March

  • April, 1977

    April

  • May, 1977

    May

  • June, 1977

    June

  • July, 1977

    July

  • August, 1977

    August

  • September, 1977

    September

  • October, 1977

    October

  • November, 1977

    November

  • December, 1977

    December

  • 1978
  • January, 1978

    January

  • February, 1978

    February

  • March, 1978

    March

  • April, 1978

    April

  • May, 1978

    May

  • June, 1978

    June

  • July, 1978

    July

  • August, 1978

    August

  • September, 1978

    September

  • October, 1978

    October

  • November, 1978

    November

  • December, 1978

    December

  • 1979
  • January, 1979

    January

  • February, 1979

    February

  • March, 1979

    March

  • April, 1979

    April

  • May, 1979

    May

  • June, 1979

    June

  • July, 1979

    July

  • August, 1979

    August

  • September, 1979

    September

  • October, 1979

    October

  • November, 1979

    November

  • December, 1979

    December

  • 1980
  • January, 1980

    January

  • February, 1980

    February

  • March, 1980

    March

  • April, 1980

    April

  • May, 1980

    May

  • June, 1980

    June

  • July, 1980

    July

  • August, 1980

    August

  • September, 1980

    September

  • October, 1980

    October

  • November, 1980

    November

  • December, 1980

    December

  • 1981
  • January, 1981

    January

  • February, 1981

    February

  • March, 1981

    March

  • April, 1981

    April

  • May, 1981

    May

  • June, 1981

    June

  • July, 1981

    July

  • August, 1981

    August

  • September, 1981

    September

  • October, 1981

    October

  • November, 1981

    November

  • December, 1981

    December

  • 1982
  • January, 1982

    January

  • February, 1982

    February

  • March, 1982

    March

  • April, 1982

    April

  • May, 1982

    May

  • June, 1982

    June

  • July, 1982

    July

  • August, 1982

    August

  • September, 1982

    September

  • October, 1982

    October

  • November, 1982

    November

  • December, 1982

    December

  • 1983
  • January, 1983

    January

  • February, 1983

    February

  • March, 1983

    March

  • April, 1983

    April

  • May, 1983

    May

  • June, 1983

    June

  • July, 1983

    July

  • August, 1983

    August

  • September, 1983

    September

  • October, 1983

    October

  • November, 1983

    November

  • December, 1983

    December

  • 1984
  • January, 1984

    January

  • February, 1984

    February

  • March, 1984

    March

  • April, 1984

    April

  • May, 1984

    May

  • June, 1984

    June

  • July, 1984

    July

  • August, 1984

    August

  • September, 1984

    September

  • October, 1984

    October

  • November, 1984

    November

  • December, 1984

    December

  • 1985
  • January, 1985

    January

  • February, 1985

    February

  • March, 1985

    March

  • April, 1985

    April

  • May, 1985

    May

  • June, 1985

    June

  • July, 1985

    July

  • August, 1985

    August

  • September, 1985

    September

  • October, 1985

    October

  • November, 1985

    November

  • December, 1985

    December

  • 1986
  • January, 1986

    January

  • February, 1986

    February

  • March, 1986

    March

  • April, 1986

    April

  • May, 1986

    May

  • June, 1986

    June

  • July, 1986

    July

  • August, 1986

    August

  • September, 1986

    September

  • October, 1986

    October

  • November, 1986

    November

  • December, 1986

    December

  • 1987
  • January, 1987

    January

  • February, 1987

    February

  • March, 1987

    March

  • April, 1987

    April

  • May, 1987

    May

  • June, 1987

    June

  • July, 1987

    July

  • August, 1987

    August

  • September, 1987

    September

  • October, 1987

    October

  • November, 1987

    November

  • December, 1987

    December

  • 1988
  • January, 1988

    January

  • February, 1988

    February

  • March, 1988

    March

  • April, 1988

    April

  • May, 1988

    May

  • June, 1988

    June

  • July, 1988

    July

  • August, 1988

    August

  • September, 1988

    September

  • October, 1988

    October

  • November, 1988

    November

  • December, 1988

    December

  • 1989
  • January, 1989

    January

  • February, 1989

    February

  • March, 1989

    March

  • April, 1989

    April

  • May, 1989

    May

  • June, 1989

    June

  • July, 1989

    July

  • August, 1989

    August

  • September, 1989

    September

  • October, 1989

    October

  • November, 1989

    November

  • December, 1989

    December

  • 1990
  • January, 1990

    January

  • February, 1990

    February

  • March, 1990

    March

  • April, 1990

    April

  • May, 1990

    May

  • June, 1990

    June

  • July, 1990

    July

  • August, 1990

    August

  • September, 1990

    September

  • October, 1990

    October

  • November, 1990

    November

  • December, 1990

    December

  • 1991
  • January, 1991

    January

  • February, 1991

    February

  • March, 1991

    March

  • April, 1991

    April

  • May, 1991

    May

  • June, 1991

    June

  • July, 1991

    July

  • August, 1991

    August

  • September, 1991

    September

  • October, 1991

    October

  • November, 1991

    November

  • December, 1991

    December

  • 1992
  • January, 1992

    January

  • February, 1992

    February

  • March, 1992

    March

  • April, 1992

    April

  • May, 1992

    May

  • June, 1992

    June

  • July, 1992

    July

  • August, 1992

    August

  • September, 1992

    September

  • October, 1992

    October

  • November, 1992

    November

  • December, 1992

    December

  • 1993
  • January, 1993

    January

  • February, 1993

    February

  • March, 1993

    March

  • April, 1993

    April

  • May, 1993

    May

  • June, 1993

    June

  • July, 1993

    July

  • August, 1993

    August

  • September, 1993

    September

  • October, 1993

    October

  • November, 1993

    November

  • December, 1993

    December

  • 1994
  • January, 1994

    January

  • February, 1994

    February

  • March, 1994

    March

  • April, 1994

    April

  • May, 1994

    May

  • June, 1994

    June

  • July, 1994

    July

  • August, 1994

    August

  • September, 1994

    September

  • October, 1994

    October

  • November, 1994

    November

  • December, 1994

    December

  • 1995
  • January, 1995

    January

  • February, 1995

    February

  • March, 1995

    March

  • April, 1995

    April

  • May, 1995

    May

  • June, 1995

    June

  • July, 1995

    July

  • August, 1995

    August

  • September, 1995

    September

  • October, 1995

    October

  • November, 1995

    November

  • December, 1995

    December

  • 1996
  • January, 1996

    January

  • February, 1996

    February

  • March, 1996

    March

  • April, 1996

    April

  • May, 1996

    May

  • June, 1996

    June

  • July, 1996

    July

  • August, 1996

    August

  • September, 1996

    September

  • October, 1996

    October

  • November, 1996

    November

  • December, 1996

    December

  • 1997
  • January, 1997

    January

  • February, 1997

    February

  • March, 1997

    March

  • April, 1997

    April

  • May, 1997

    May

  • June, 1997

    June

  • July, 1997

    July

  • August, 1997

    August

  • September, 1997

    September

  • October, 1997

    October

  • November, 1997

    November

  • December, 1997

    December

  • 1998
  • January, 1998

    January

  • February, 1998

    February

  • March, 1998

    March

  • April, 1998

    April

  • May, 1998

    May

  • June, 1998

    June

  • July, 1998

    July

  • August, 1998

    August

  • September, 1998

    September

  • October, 1998

    October

  • November, 1998

    November

  • December, 1998

    December

  • 1999
  • January, 1999

    January

  • February, 1999

    February

  • March, 1999

    March

  • April, 1999

    April

  • May, 1999

    May

  • June, 1999

    June

  • July, 1999

    July

  • August, 1999

    August

  • September, 1999

    September

  • October, 1999

    October

  • November, 1999

    November

  • December, 1999

    December

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Features

Essays

Essays

(1) The Curator’s Dilemma

Feminism, curating, and writing history : (1) The Curator’s Dilemma

A speck of dust on a very smooth surface. A crack hidden in an uneven surface. Of the two, which is more difficult to find? Regardless of the answer, the act of writing history requires the painstaking process of discovering the specks of dust and hidden cracks within the established discourses— accounting for the smooth and the uneven surfaces. As a process that always takes place after the fact while at the same time taking place in the present, the act of writing history also primes the particles of dust and cracks within the self. The act of writing (the history of) contemporary Korean feminism likewise takes place in the same context.

The reboot in the term “feminist reboot” refers to this circumstance, a circumstance that cannot be understood in the absence of a continuity with the past but at the same time has entered a completely new phase. That is to say contemporary feminism encompasses different time periods. Likewise, within contemporary artwork there exists a sense of familiarity in the accumulated dirt and layered context of the past eras, which coexists with a sense of novelty. The exposure to and the attempt to understand the two time periods that are evident within the artwork and the social phenomenon naturally brings the curator face to face with the issue of writing history.

In the three-part series that will follow, I intend to maintain a focus on the point of intersection between “curating,” “feminism,” and “writing history.” In the first article, I examine the historic circumstances surrounding the 1990s (to the early 2000s), which are considered to be the beginning of Korean “contemporary” art.1 To this end, I briefly summarize prior research that attempts to describe feminism within the context of Korean contemporary art history. It is in this context that I define the relationship between visual art and feminism and also examine the curator’s dilemma that emerges in response.


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Descriptions of the currents of “feminism” in Korean contemporary art begin with “women’s art”, which caused a fracture within the Minjung art movement with its emergence in the 1980s.2 At the time, the primary actors of the women’s art movement felt that an awakening was necessary within mainstream Minjung art, which neglected the realities of women. They established the women's division and attempted to branch off and work independently. Notable women’s art exhibitions include the October Gathering’s [Siwol Moim] From Half to Whole (1985), Alternative Culture’s Let’s Burst Out (1988), and the Women’s Art Research Society's (Yeoseong misul yeonguhoe) annual exhibition Women and Reality (1988-1994). The proper critique and historicization of “women’s art” in the 1980s emerged for the first time in the 1990s, and Kim’s exhibitions take place in this context.

Kim Hong-hee’s curation of exhibitions and historical research and writing is referenced continuously, and subjected to numerous academic investigations and critiques. Her works are recognized as groundbreaking in many ways, and they have had a considerable effect on both the artworks of her contemporaries as well as of future generations. Women's Art Festival 99: Patjis on Parade, of which she was the chief organizer, is considered to be the exhibition that charted a genealogy of Korean “women’s art” that leads from the modern era to the 1990s3 Of all of the “Korean books that provide an overview of Korean contemporary art history from a feminist perspective,” Kim Hyeonjoo described Yeoseonggwa Misul,4 written by Kim Hong-hee, as the “only book that covers the broad spectrum of Western art history as well as Korean modern history and contemporary history from the 1980s to the 1990s.”5

As the first generation of Korean curators, Kim’s position has arguably crystallized as a result of a single trend that swept the art community during the 1990s to the early 2000s. According to Yang Eunhee, the popularization of international biennials led to the formal adoption of the term “curator” in Korea. This is when curation came to be recognized as an independent profession. Later, during the Korean reflection on charismatic curators, as exemplified by Harald Szeemann (1933-2005), the first generation of “independent” curators emerged during the 2000s.6 Kim Hong-hee is often mentioned in that context. 

Within this context, Kim Hong-hee’s curatorial practice can be summed up as large-scale exhibitions that draw a topographical map of feminism in contemporary Korean art. In the preface to the introduction of Patjis, Kim wrote that the exhibition can be “largely divided into a retrospective of the artworks from the 1960s to the 1980s and a themed exhibition of contemporary artists in the 1990s, the intent of which was to examine the past and the present of Korean contemporary women’s art.”7 This was the primary goal of the exhibition. This is quite problematic, because the exhibition regarded the 1990s as a historic turning point and relegated the 1980s to the previous era, as part of an amorphous “past.” This premise of a “dramatic division” between the 1980s and the 1990s in Korean “women’s art” had not been questioned for some time following the Patjis exhibition. 

However, recent studies have questioned this premise. Publishing an article in the same year, researchers Cho Hyeok and Park Sohyun view the specific formula of describing Korean feminist art history as originating from Kim Hong-hee. They examine Kim’s writings relating to Patjis and its precedent, Woman, The Difference and The Power (1994), and criticize the vague descriptions of “feminine” art, “feminist” art, and “femininity” and the fact that Kim historicizes the division between the 1980s and the 1990s. Cho believes that in taking on the mantle of the “era of women artists,”, the curator attempted to institutionalize feminism in haste before it had a chance to mature. Park views Kim as having adopted, without question, a male-centric mode of categorizing art history, applying a linear and occidental view of history, leading from modernism to postmodernism to Korean art. What is repeatedly made obvious is that the practice of writing history that emerged from Kim’s projects labeled Korean feminist art in the 1980s was incomplete or flawed.8

Cho Hyeok (2020) argues that it is necessary to “avoid the adoption of a teleological view of history that separates feminist art in the 1980s and the 1990s and regards [art in the 1990s] as having advanced beyond [art in the 1980s].”9 She argues that the temporal context of the 1990s is characterized by the popularization of postmodernist discourse, new art history, and cultural studies, and that critics and researchers of that time adopted a generational viewpoint and therefore created a division between 1990s art and both 1980s Minjung art as well as 1980s feminist art, which remained within the orbit of Minjung art.

She examined several prior studies and reflected on the reasons why feminist art in the 1980s was rejected in comparison to feminist art in the 1990s. First, such a disregard often falls in line with critiques of Minjung art, that 1980s art failed to discover any new stylistic forms and thus revealed its aesthetic limitations. In the same vein, “women’s art” in the 1980s became so preoccupied with ideology and class consciousness that it failed to manifest a “universal” model of womanhood. To this, Cho asks whether feminist art that prioritized class liberation should not be called feminist art, and she questions what precisely the nature of this “universal” model of womanhood and female aesthetics is.10

Park Sohyun (2020) offers a similar perspective. She argues that the division between the 1980s and the 1990s, which was an accepted premise in describing Korean feminist art, is the result of blind adherence to the general trends of critical and academic discourse that define Korean contemporary art history, which makes it difficult to find a place for feminist art within the grand narrative of Korean contemporary art history. It is also because “there is a lack of feminist reinterpretation and meta criticism” of formulaic descriptions of art history.”11

In short, given the importance and influence of Kim Hong-hee’s curatorial projects, a reflective examination of these projects is also required. And the historical task of examining feminism in contemporary Korean art  returns once again to the 1980s. Reflecting on the undervaluation of feminist art in the 1980s, a view that has practically become canonized, Kim Hyeonjoo (2013) and Cho Seon-Ryeong (2007) have examined the notion of “women’s art.”12 Kim adopts “women’s art” as a term that describes a series of artistic activities that is observed in a particular time period. She writes that women's art is “both Minjung art as well as feminist art. It belongs at the intersection between the two.”13 She focuses on two master’s theses published in the 2000s, and borrowing from their arguments, suggests that “women’s art” has neither been recognized as an independent women’s aesthetic nor as Minjung art. Resistance towards activist art endeavors including Minjung art, have led to the rejection of women's art by the mainstream art community.14

Cho uses the term “women's art” in a similar context. Taking it one step further, she argues that “women's art” is the true feminist art form of Korea, distinct from Western feminist art. She argues that “In Korea, feminism from the very beginning emerged in the context of class and materialism.”15 She attempts to shed light on the fact that feminist art, with a sense of class and politics, saw its continuation in the work of women artists in the 1990s and the 2000s, following the emergence of postmodernist discourse.

However, in Kim Hong-hee's view of history, which she has adhered to even in recent times, “women’s art” in the 1980s continues to be qualitatively distinguished from “feminist art” since the 1990s, and furthermore, “postmodern feminist art” that emerged from the mid- to late 1990s to the early 2000s. However, as repeatedly confirmed in previous studies, what Kim Hong-hee defines as feminist is unclear. Moreover, feminist art, within this trajectory of presumed linear development, converges with the trend of new media/formal experiments found in postmodern/new generation art in general. When she assesses that she has established “women's aesthetics,” through her exhibitions and writings, and mentions major feminist artists and artworks, they too are categorized without a specific answer to the question of “what is women’s aesthetics,” and are selectively adopted as one of the so-called “postmodern arts,” highlighting the characteristic of its dispersion into separate elements.    

Ultimately, for Kim Hong-hee, the 1980s is positioned as a huge void in the history of contemporary Korean art in preparation for the 1990s and the contemporary era. The identity of this void appears to give expression to some of the problems she must have faced as a first-generation curator.     

: Was this the dilemma of a curator facing the contemporary call of globalization, burdened by an unresolved historical debt to Western modernism? Was the curator assigned with a kind of duty to identify the gap between the history and present of contemporary Korean art and to mend and bridge that gap? Was that a necessity introduced to secure the legitimacy and distinction of 1990s art, that is, new generation art and postmodern art? Was the leap to the “contemporary” through such a process not an art that would instantly suture two irreconcilable sides, such as the model and reality, or form and subject? If so, is the feminism of contemporary art, or the contemporaneity of feminist art achieved when the past is sacrificed to the void? 

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Lee Bul was one of the major upcoming, postmodernist, feminist artists championed by Kim. Beck Jee-sook, who participated in the planning of the theme exhibition of Patjis, published in the year following the exhibition an article titled “Review,” which examined the time surrounding the exhibition.16 In the article, she includes a chapter titled, “Why Lee Bul rejects the title of feminist artist.” She questions why Lee, who clearly appears to be a feminist artist, does not wish to receive attention as a feminist artist. She adds that this attitude was shared among young women artists (unlike artists in their 40s and 50s and were thus active in the 1980s) when the Women's Art Festival 99 was held.
 
. . . In short, young artists would rather adopt feminism as a facet of their work, rather than boxing their works into feminist art. . . . In hindsight, I myself question whether I am truly a feminist. At times I think I am, but at times I think not. For example, I undergo a crisis of identity when it feels that feminism, rather than expanding the horizon of culture, appears to limit it. In this case, which is wrong? Is it the limited definition of feminism? Or is it the narrowness of my perception, which fails to interpret surrounding phenomena and social mechanisms through the lens of feminism?

[…] As an exhibition planner, when I select artists and their works, I am at times faced with a dilemma of two extremes. Do I choose the person with a greater sense of feminism, even though their work is lower in quality? Or do I choose the person without a clear sense of feminism, but who produces more cohesive work? If I were to take this question one step further, of course it becomes possible to ask another question. How is one to determine whether a person's sense of feminism is clearer or greater? Is it enough for the person to state as such, even if it does not appear clearly in the artwork? Or in contrast, how is one to determine the quality of the work? Is it correct to separate pure aesthetic value, deprived of all political subtext, into an independent criterion of evaluation?17

I was drawn, in particular, to the recursive sentences in the quote above. “In hindsight, I myself question whether I am truly a feminist.” “Do I choose the person with a greater sense of feminism, even though their work is lower in quality? Or do I choose the person without a clear sense of feminism, but who produces more cohesive work?” The questions Beck Jee-sook asked herself as a curator are surprisingly repeated in today’s so-called “feminist exhibitions” and their critiques. Of course, now it appears the question needs adjustment.
    
: Is “feminist consciousness” an optional stance that can be taken up or abandoned? Isn't the feminist self-consciousness of the artist/curator being understood as a feminist attitude toward art practice? Does the lack of a feminist self-consciousness lead to the inability to practice feminist art? Conversely, do artists/curators who call themselves feminists produce art with a feminist attitude? Is it the curator’s fateful task to quibble over the level, form, and consciousness of a work?    
 
In summarizing the achievements of feminist studies in Korean art history for the past thirty years, Kim Hyeonjoo adopts a clear stance on “feminist art history.” “Feminist art history” does not exist as a separate entity. Rather, feminism seeks to criticize the shortcomings of existing art history and establish an alternate art history. She emphasizes that it is necessary to discard the term “feminist art history” and to use the “feminist critique of art history” and “feminist intervention in art history” instead.18 If that is the case, how should curators, as participants in the writing of history, overcome the personal dilemma that arises as a result of their occupying the intersection of feminism and visual art? It is likely impossible to answer this question by searching for “feminist artists” and “feminist art,” and furthermore “feminist art history.” How then are we as curators and art historians to conceive and practice feminist critiques of, and intervention in, contemporary art?

Art Terms